Nanofiltration (NF) is a membrane filtration process that lies between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. It uses membranes with pore sizes ranging from 1 to 10 nanometers, which can effectively remove small solutes, multivalent ions, and larger organic molecules while allowing monovalent ions to

Introduction Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that employs a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles from drinking water. It is widely used in both industrial and domestic settings for water desalination and purification. The key component in th

Microfiltration membranes are an essential component in various industrial and environmental processes. Understanding the materials used in these membranes is crucial for optimizing their performance and longevity. This article delves into the different materials used in microfiltration membranes, t